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ED - A PROGRAM TEXT EDITOR USER'S MANUAL Rev 1.05 (c) Copyright Ed Gilbert 1984 ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 1. GENERAL INFORMATION ED is a full screen text editor program. Versions of the program exist to run on a variety of MS-DOS computers made by IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and others. These include the IBM models PC, XT, AT, and the Hewlett-Packard models 150, 110, 110-Plus, and Vectra. The basic operation of the editor is to create and edit disk text files. Files are read from a disk into the editor's workspace buffer where the editing changes occur. No changes are made to the original disk file until a command is given to write the workspace buffer back onto the disk. The editor has commands to insert, delete, and change the text in this buffer. Since the entire file resides in memory during the edit session, any part of the file can be accessed quickly. The editor makes use of all available computer memory so that large files can be edited. The editor itself requires about 45K bytes for its execution. The remaining memory is available for use as the editor's file buffer(s). On most MS-DOS computers, this limits the maximum size of a file that can be edited to about 580K bytes. The editor's commands are optimized for working with program source files. It is not designed to be a word processor, al- though some basic word processing functions such as tab setting, wordwrap and paragraph formatting are included. A good comple- ment of file and block commands exist for moving sections of program code between and within files. Some of the more advanced commands include split-screen, multi-file editing, and the ability to execute MS-DOS commands, including running other programs, from within the editor. The word processing functions are intended for program documentation, and are usually suffi- cient for memos, letters or other short documents. A separate text formatting program is required for printing with page for- matting, margins, headers, print font enhancements, etc. The editor has two types of commands. Frequently used functions, such as scrolling or deleting characters, are invoked by editing keys that are generally labelled for these purposes on the keyboard. Less frequently used, but more powerful, or broader in scope, are the multi-keystroke commands. These commands are used to control file, block, search/replace and other such functions. All multi-keystroke commands are begun by pressing the ESCAPE key, followed by one or more additional keys. The additional keystrokes are the first characters of the command names being selected. While entering a command, the choices are visible on a command line, and a second line gives a full sentence description of any command keyword. (E.Y.G.) - 1 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 1.1 Program Versions and Requirements Several versions of the editor exist to accomodate the differen- ces between IBM and Hewlett-Packard MS-DOS computers. The dif- ferences between these versions are in the keyboard and display code. The commands and functions of all versions of the editor are otherwise identical. All versions of the editor require MS-DOS version 2.0 or later, and at least 60K bytes of free memory. Additional memory is recommended. The editor makes use of all available memory. The IBM PC version of the editor runs on the PC, PC-Jr, PC-XT, PC-AT, and compatible computers from other manufacturers (e.g. AT&T, Compaq, and HP-Vectra). It will run with either the Monochrome or Color display cards. If a system has both monochrome and color display cards, the editor uses the monochrome display. White characters are formed on the color display using a black background. The HP150 version of the editor runs on the A, B, and C models. Except where it explicitly mentions differences, this manual ap- plies to all program versions. This manual will use the editing key names that appear on the HP150 and HP110 keyboards. If the IBM keyboard uses a different key to accomplish the same action, the equivalent IBM key will be given in parentheses. 2. EDITOR OPERATION This section describes the operation of the editor. Some of the commands and editing keys are also discussed, but Section 3, "General Reference", is a more complete reference to these sub- jects. 2.1 Running the Editor From the MS-DOS command prompt (>), type "ed". When the editor is first run, it prompts for the name of a file to to edit. For example, to edit file sample.pas: A>ed Edit what file? sample.pas You can include the name of the file to be edited on the MS-DOS command line. For example: (E.Y.G.) - 2 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 A>ed sample.pas In both examples the file sample.pas is searched for in the cur- rent directory. If the file is found, the entire file is read into a buffer and the beginning lines of the file are displayed. If the file is not found, a file of that name will be created in the current directory when the buffer is saved. 2.2 Crossing Directories If the editor is not in the current directory, you must use the MS-DOS PATH command to set the path to its directory. For ex- ample, if ED is in the directory \utils, you can set the path by typing A>path \utils If you want to edit a file that is not in the current directory, you can specify the path as part of the filename. Examples: A>ed \user\c_comp\prog.c A>ed applic\prog.bas A>ed ..\stdio.h 2.3 Exiting the editor If you want to abandon a file buffer without saving your work, use the command File Quit. If any changes have been made to the current file buffer during the edit session, you are asked to confirm the command. Select Yes to exit, or No to continue edit- ing. If you exit a buffer when two file buffers are in use, the other file buffer becomes active and is displayed. If only a single file buffer is in use, the editor exits to MS-DOS. The File Save+exit command saves the current file buffer and either switches to the other file buffer or exits to MS-DOS, depending on whether one or two file buffers are active. 2.4 Use of Computer Memory When the editor is run, it normally obtains from MS-DOS all but the top 14K bytes (19K on IBM-PC) of available RAM for its workspace. This top portion of RAM is used by the MS-DOS command parser, COMMAND.COM. If it is overwritten by an application program such as ED, it must be reloaded when the application is finished running. (E.Y.G.) - 3 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 The editor can only edit files that fit entirely within its workspace. If you are editing a very large file and need the ad- ditional 14K bytes of memory, you can use the /a switch from the MS-DOS command line to obtain the additional memory for the editor's workspace. For example: A>ed sample.pas /a If you use the /a switch, the upper part of COMMAND.COM will be overwritten. When you exit the editor, MS-DOS will attempt to reload the part of COMMAND.COM that was overwritten. If it can- not be found on your disk, the computer will display a message asking you to insert your system disk into the drive. 2.5 File Buffers A buffer is a region of memory in the computer that holds data. The editor makes use of several buffers. Files being edited are read from disk into a file workspace buffer, and any changes made to the file held in the buffer do not affect the file on the disk until you explicitly command the buffer to be written to the disk. The editor has two file buffers, allowing two files to be edited at the same time. These are allocated dynamically from the pool of memory that is available to the editor. There is no fixed limit on the size of these buffers, except that their sum cannot exceed the available free memory in the computer. The size of the current file buffer, and the size of the remaining free memory are displayed on the status line. 2.5.1 The Block Buffer The editor maintains a block buffer for copying, moving, and deleting blocks of text. The block buffer uses only enough memory to hold a deleted or copied block, and it holds this text until it is overwritten by another block command. 2.5.2 The Deleted Line Buffer Whenever a single line is deleted, either with the DELETE LINE (SHIFT-DEL) key or the CLEAR LINE (SHIFT-END) key, a line buffer keeps a copy of the deleted line. It can be recovered using the Undelete command. The line buffer stores only the most recently deleted line. This buffer has a maximun length of 500 charac- ters. If you delete a line longer than this, only the first 500 characters of the line can be recovered. (E.Y.G.) - 4 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 2.6 Edit Modes The editor has two basic modes of operation, command mode and edit mode. In the edit mode, the cursor can be moved to any character in the file buffer using the cursor control keys, and text can be entered from the keyboard into the file at the cursor location. Edit mode has two forms of text entry, INSERT and REPLACE. In the INSERT mode, characters are inserted into the file buffer to the left of the cursor position. When the editor is first run, it wakes up in this mode, and the word INSERT is displayed on the status line. The INSERT CHAR (INS) key toggles the form of text entry from INSERT to REPLACE, and vice versa. In the REPLACE mode, each character entered from the keyboard over-writes the character at the cursor's location. 2.7 Command Mode Commands make larger changes to the file buffer or change the editing environment. The editor commands are organized as a multi-level menu. The command mode is entered by pressing the ESCAPE key. In this mode, the top line of the screen shows a menu of keywords. One of the keywords is always highlighted, and the message line gives a description of this keyword. Command keywords are selected in one of two ways: 1. Use the cursor control keys to highlight the desired keyword, then press the RETURN key. 2. Enter the first character of the desired keyword. This is the faster method once you become familiar with the com- mands. Many commands require several keystrokes before the command is completed. You can back up out of the command tree one level at a time using the ESCAPE key. Some commands prompt you to enter information, such as a filename, a line number, or a search string. Most such commands remember and initially display your previous entry. The follow- ing rules apply: - To enter the old response again press the RETURN key. Any other key will erase your previous response and begin the new input. - To edit your input, use the BACKSPACE key. (E.Y.G.) - 5 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 - To complete your input, use the RETURN key. - To cancel the command and backup to the previous level in the command tree, use the ESCAPE key. Some commands take several seconds to complete. During this time, the command line displays "WAIT .....". When the command successfully completes, the editor returns to the edit mode. Sometimes a command cannot be completed. Perhaps a file cannot be opened, or a search string cannot be found. In this case the editor beeps and displays a message in inverse video on the mes- sage line. The editor may be left in either the edit mode or the command mode, whichever is more appropriate for the next action. 2.8 The Display Screen The editor's display screen is divided into separate areas for the text of the file(s) being edited and status information about the editing environment. 2.8.1 The Command Line The top line of the screen is the command line. In the command mode, this line displays command keywords. In the edit mode, this line identifies the editor program name and revision. 2.8.2 The Message Line The second line of the screen is the message line. In the edit mode it displays the name of the file being edited. In the com- mand mode, a description of the highlighted command keyword ap- pears on this line. 2.8.3 The Status Line The third line displays information about the state of the cur- rent or active file buffer. The individual fields of the status line are described below in the order in which these fields occur, beginning with the leftmost field. CAPS If the caps lock key is active, this field is visible. Otherwise, this field is blank. (E.Y.G.) - 6 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 INSERT/REPLACE The current mode of text input is displayed in this field. COL= The column number occupied by the cursor, beginning with column 1 as the leftmost column. LINE= The number of the line containing the cursor, beginning with line 1 as the first line of the file buffer. CHARS= The number of characters in the current file buffer. FREE= The number of bytes of free memory available to be used in the editor's file buffers. CA If the Define Case command has been given, this field is visible. It indicates that the Search and Replace commands are sensitive to the case of alpha characters in the search pattern. SP If the Define No-tabs command has been given, this field is visible. It indicates that the TAB key will insert ASCII spaces rather than tabs into the file buffer. WR If the Define Wordwrap Enable command has been given, this field is visible. 2.8.4 The File Windows The area between the status line and the bottom of the screen displays the text of the file buffer(s) being edited. This area may contain one or two windows. If two windows are in use the screen is divided by a line of hyphens. 2.9 Moving the Cursor The editor uses a blinking cursor to identify the region in the file buffer around which editing takes place. The keyboard has several keys that move the cursor. The four keys with arrows, LEFT, RIGHT, UP, and DOWN, move the cursor in the indicated directions. The cursor can only be moved to areas on the screen where text (or space characters) is displayed. The last characters on each line, with the exception of the last line in the file buffer, are a carriage return followed by a line feed (CRLF). Both of these characters are inserted into the file buffer when you press the RETURN key while in the INSERT mode. These characters are not displayed, and in many ways the editor (E.Y.G.) - 7 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 treats them as a single character. If the cursor is placed to the right of the last character on a line, it is considered to be at the position of the CRLF. If you attempt to move the cursor to the right of this position, the cursor moves to the first character of the next line. If you press the DELETE CHAR (DEL) key while the cursor is at the end of a line, both the carriage return and the line feed are deleted from the file buffer, and the next line is moved up and appended to the current line. The editor has automatic scrolling, meaning the displayed text automatically shifts horizontally and vertically when you try to move the cursor past the limits of the display window. When you scroll vertically using the UP or DOWN keys, the cursor attempts to maintain the same column position on each new line. If you move the cursor to a short line which does not extend to the cursor's current column, the cursor temporarily shifts columns to the end of the short line. If the cursor is subsequently moved to a longer line, it returns to its original column. The displayed text can be rolled up or down without changing the cursor's position within the file buffer. This is done by hold- ing down the SHIFT key and pressing UP or DOWN. The cursor remains at its character position until it bumps into the upper or lower boundary of the window. The cursor can be moved directly to the beginning or end of a line by holding down the SHIFT key and pressing the LEFT or RIGHT cursor key. The cursor can be moved to the beginning of the next or previous word using the CTRL and RIGHT or LEFT cursor keys. The cursor can be moved through the file in steps of nearly a full window of text by using the PREV (PgUp) and NEXT (PgDn) keys. The cursor can be moved directly to the first character in the file buffer using the HOME key, and to the last character in the file buffer using the SHIFT and HOME keys (END key, unshifted, on an IBM PC). 2.10 The Marker A number of commands operate on blocks of text. These include moving, copying, deleting, filling, justifying, printing, case conversion, and space and tab conversion. A block is a consecu- tive group of characters identified by a beginning and an end. To identify a block of text you must first specify a position, called the marker, at the beginning of the block. To do this move the cursor to the first character of the block and give the command Define Marker. Thereafter the cursor itself serves as a (E.Y.G.) - 8 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 pointer to the end of the block. The block is the region from the marker up to but not including the character above the cur- sor. The marker is not a character and cannot be deleted. It is a pointer to a position in the file buffer. If characters are in- serted or deleted before the marker, the marker remains pointing to the same character. If the character that the marker is pointing to is deleted, the marker shifts to the right to point to the next character in the file buffer. Whenever a file is read into a file buffer, the marker is ini- tialized to point to the first character in the file buffer. 2.11 Saving the File Buffer The editor has two commands that save the file buffer under the same name as the input file. File Update saves the file buffer and returns to the edit mode, while File Save+exit saves and then exits the current file buffer. If two file buffers are in use, File Save+exit releases the memory used by the saved buffer to the free space pool and displays the other file buffer. If only a single file buffer is in use, the editor exits to MS-DOS. With either command the following actions occur: 1. If the buffer holds a new file that has not yet been named, you are prompted for a filename. 2. If a backup file exists with the same prefix as the file to be saved and an extension of ".BAK", that file is deleted. 3. If the filename to be saved already exists on the disk, it is renamed with an extension of ".BAK". 4. The current file buffer is written to the disk. 2.12 Editor Configuration Files A means is provided of saving the state of many of the editor parameters in a disk file, and of having that file automatically read and used to initialize the editor when a file is read into a file buffer. The editor parameters that are saved in configura- tion files are those set by the Define commands, which include case sensitivity, use-tabs/no-tabs, tab stops, paragraph margins, and wordwrap enable/disable. (E.Y.G.) - 9 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 For example, your system can be configured to automatically turn on wordwrap and set paragraph margins whenever files with a filename extension of ".DOC" or ".TXT" are read, and to turn those wordprocessing functions off and set tabs stops and other functions a different way whenever a filename with an extension of ".C" is read. A different configuration file can exist for each unique filename extension. Using a standard MS-DOS command, you can specify in which directory these configuration files will be written. By including this command in the AUTOEXEC.BAT batch file, it can be invoked every time the computer is turned on. 2.12.1 Enabling Configuration Files To enable the use of configuration files, a parameter must be set in the MS-DOS environment string. MS-DOS maintains an environ- ment string in which parameters can be defined, either from the MS-DOS command line, or from batch files, and which can be read by application programs such as the editor. The MS-DOS command to insert or delete a parameter in the environment is SET. The SET command, given without parameters, displays the current con- tents of the environment. Given with parameters, it is used to insert, change or delete a parameter. The editor searches the environment for a string of the form "EDCONFIG=<dir>", where <dir> is the name of the directory where the configuration files are kept. For example, to enable the editor to use configuration files in the directory A:\UTILS, give the following command: A>SET EDCONFIG=A:\UTILS The association of configuration files with the files which are edited is by filename extension. When a disk file is read into the editor's file buffer, and a string such as "EDCONFIG=A:\UTILS" is found in the environment, the editor sear- ches the specified directory (in this example A:\UTILS) for a file with a filename prefix of "EDCONFIG" and a filename exten- sion which is the same as that of the file to be edited. Continuing the example, if you begin editing the file "TEST.PAS", the editor attempts to open the file "A:\UTILS\EDCONFIG.PAS" and uses it to initialize the editing environment of that file buff- er. 2.12.2 Writing a Configuration File To write a configuration file, give the command File Profile. The current state of the editor will be save in the directory named in the MS-DOS environment. (E.Y.G.) - 10 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 2.12.3 Disabling Configuration Files To delete a string from the the MS-DOS environment, use the SET command and enter only the left hand portion of the existing string up to and including the equal sign (=). In this case, give the command A> SET EDCONFIG= With the "EDCONFIG=<DIR>" string removed from the environment, existing editor configuration files will be ignored, and new con- figuration files cannot be written (with File Profile). 3. GENERAL REFERENCE This section serves as a reference to the editor's commands and special editing keys. Included is a section on ASCII control characters which have special meaning within the editor. 3.1 Special Editing Keys This section describes keys that perform special editing func- tions. As in the other chapters, the keys are referred to by their labels on the HP150 keyboard. If the IBM keyboard has a different label, the IBM label is shown in parentheses. A few of the keys perform functions during command entry, and are noted as such. 3.1.1 ESCAPE (or F8) In the edit mode, this key begins a command. The first level command choices are then displayed on the first line on the screen. Pressing this key while in the command tree backs up one step to the previous command keyword. As a convenience to users who are burdened with an inappropriate- ly positioned ESCAPE key (e.g. Vectra), the F8 function key is also bound to the escape funtion. 3.1.2 CLEAR LINE (SHIFT-END) Delete text from the cursor to end of the line. The end-of-line terminators, a carriage return followed by a line feed (CRLF), (E.Y.G.) - 11 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 are not deleted. A deleted line can be restored using the Undelete command. 3.1.3 DELETE LINE (SHIFT-DEL) Delete the current line, including the CRLF terminator. A deleted line can be restored using the Undelete command. 3.1.4 DELETE CHAR (DEL) Delete the character at the cursor position. 3.1.5 INSERT CHAR (INS) Toggle between INSERT and REPLACE modes. 3.1.6 INSERT LINE (SHIFT-INS) Insert an empty new line (CRLF) before the current line. 3.1.7 HOME In the edit mode, this key positions the cursor at the first character in the file buffer. In the command mode, it highlights the first command keyword on the command line. 3.1.8 SHIFT-HOME (END) In the edit mode, this key positions the cursor past the last character in the file buffer. In the command mode, it highlights the last command keyword on the command line. 3.1.9 UP Move the cursor up to the previous line. (E.Y.G.) - 12 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 3.1.10 DOWN Move the cursor down to the next line. 3.1.11 LEFT In the edit mode, this key moves the cursor to the left one character. In the command mode, it moves the command highlight one keyword to the left. 3.1.12 RIGHT In the edit mode, this key moves the cursor to the right one character. In the command mode, it moves the command highlight one keyword to the right. 3.1.13 SHIFT-UP Scroll the screen up one line. 3.1.14 SHIFT-DOWN Scroll the screen down one line. 3.1.15 SHIFT-LEFT Position the cursor at the beginning of the line. 3.1.16 SHIFT-RIGHT Position the cursor at the end of the line. 3.1.17 CTRL-LEFT Position the cursor at the start of the previous word. (E.Y.G.) - 13 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 3.1.18 CTRL-RIGHT Position the cursor at the start of the next word. 3.1.19 PREV (PgUp) Move the cursor nearly one full window of text toward the begin- ning of the file buffer. 3.1.20 NEXT (PgDn) Move the cursor nearly one full window of text toward the end of the file buffer. 3.1.21 CAPS (CAPS LOCK) Toggle the uppercase lock function on and off. When this func- tion is on, the status line displays the word CAPS, and the case of the alpha keys is reversed from normal. Unshifted letters are entered as capitals, and shifted letters are entered as lower case. 3.1.22 RETURN In the edit INSERT mode, this key causes a CRLF to be inserted into the file buffer. In the edit REPLACE mode, the cursor is moved to the beginning of the next line, and characters are not inserted into the file buffer unless the cursor was positioned at the last character in the file. During command entry, RETURN selects the currently highlighted keyword, and is equivalent to pressing the key corresponding to the first character in that keyword. 3.1.23 BACKSPACE Delete the character to the left of the cursor. 3.1.24 TAB In the REPLACE mode, this key positions the cursor at the next defined tab stop. In the INSERT mode, this key either inserts (E.Y.G.) - 14 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 the ASCII tab character in the file buffer, or inserts the number of spaces required to move the cursor to the next tab stop. The commands Define No-tabs and Define Use-tabs control which charac- ter is inserted. 3.2 Control Characters Control characters are special codes in the ASCII character set that control devices such as printers, modems, etc. These characters have ASCII codes from 0 to 31 decimal. Control characters can be entered into the file buffer by holding down the CTRL key and striking an alpha key. With a few exceptions, control characters are displayed as spe- cial graphics characters. Consult your computer user's manual for a description of the complete character set. All the control characters, with the exception of space, tab, and the CRLF sequence, are treated as zero-width characters by the Block Fill and Block Justify commands. This allows the correct formatting of paragraphs that contain control characters which will later be expanded into printer control sequences by a print formatter program (Wordstar, for example). Several of these codes have special meaning within the editor: 3.2.1 Substitute (CTRL-Z) This code is used by both MS-DOS and the editor to mark the end of a file. It cannot be inserted into a file buffer from the keyboard. When a file buffer is written to a disk, this charac- ter is appended to the file. 3.2.2 Carriage Return (CTRL-M) If this character is followed immediately in the file buffer by a line feed (CTRL-J), the pair marks the end of a line. Neither character is then displayed and subsequent characters in the file buffer are displayed on the next line. If a carriage return is followed by any character other than a line feed, it is displayed as a special graphics character, and subsequent characters in the file buffer are displayed on the same line. When the RETURN key is pressed in the edit INSERT mode, a carriage return and a line feed (CRLF) are inserted into the file buffer. (E.Y.G.) - 15 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 3.2.3 Line Feed (CTRL-J) If this character is preceeded immediately in the file buffer by a carriage return (CTRL-M), the pair marks the end of a line. Neither character is then displayed and subsequent characters in the file buffer are displayed on the next line. If a line feed is preceeded by any character other than a carriage return, it is displayed as a special graphics character, and subsequent charac- ters in the file buffer are displayed on the same line. When the RETURN key is pressed in the edit INSERT mode, a carriage return and a line feed (CRLF) are inserted into the file buffer. 3.2.4 Escape (CTRL-[) This code can be entered into a file buffer by holding down the CTRL key and pressing the key with the left bracket symbol ([). This is not to be confused with the ESC key, which does not enter an escape character into the file buffer, but is used to begin a command or back up out of the command tree. 3.2.5 Backspace (CTRL-H) This character can be inserted in the file buffer and is dis- played as a special graphics character. The BACKSPACE key on the keyboard does not insert this character into the file buffer, but instead performs an editing function described elsewhere in this chapter. 3.2.6 Tab (CTRL-I) The tab character is used in text files to save space by repre- senting a variable number of spaces. The editor permits you to define the columns at which tab stops occur. When the file buff- er is displayed, tab characters are expanded on the screen so that the correct format of the text is seen. The area between the tab characters and the next tab stop appears as blank space on the screen. This area cannot be edited and the cursor skips over it. Tabs can be inserted into the file buffer using the TAB key. If the command Define No-tabs has been given, the keyboard TAB key causes ASCII spaces to be inserted into the file buffer in place of tab characters. (E.Y.G.) - 16 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 3.3 Commands The following commands are begun by pressing the ESCAPE key. Commands are entered by giving the first character of the command keywords. 3.3.1 Adjust This command is used to change the indentation of lines in the file buffer. While invoked, the four cursor control arrow keys are temporarily redefined to control this indentation. The LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys shift the entire current line to the left or right. The message line displays the number of columns that the current line has been shifted. A shift toward the left margin is displayed as a negative number. The UP and DOWN arrow keys move the cursor to the previous or next line and shift the new line the number of columns displayed on the message line. Thus a number of consecutive lines can be easily shifted by the same offset. The Adjust command is terminated by pressing the ESCAPE key. The Adjust command performs its shifting by inserting or deleting leading spaces and tabs. If the Define Use-tabs command is in effect (the default condition), leading spaces on each adjusted line will be consolidated into tab characters wherever it is pos- sible to so (by the same rules followed by the Convert Spaces->tabs command). 3.3.2 Block Append Add the text between the marker and the cursor to the end of the block buffer. The size of the block buffer is expanded to accom- modate the additional text. The text in the file buffer is not changed. 3.3.3 Block Copy Copy the text between the marker and the cursor into the block buffer. Any previous contents of the block buffer are overwrit- ten. The text in the file buffer is not changed. (E.Y.G.) - 17 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 3.3.4 Block Delete Delete the text between the marker and the cursor from the file buffer, and move it into the block buffer. The previous contents of the block buffer are overwritten. 3.3.5 Block Fill Format a group of lines, from the line pointed to by the marker to the current line, into paragraphs so that all enclosed text is contained within the paragraph margins. As many words as pos- sible are packed onto each line using a single space between words, and two spaces following words that end with a period (.), exclamation mark (!), or question mark (?). A line following a blank line is interpreted as the beginning of a new paragraph, and its left margin is set to the value defined as the paragraph margin. The first line in the blocked region (the line to which the marker points) is assumed to be the first line of a paragraph and is also indented to the value of the paragraph margin. 3.3.6 Block Insert Insert the text held in the block buffer into the file buffer at the cursor position. The block buffer is not changed. 3.3.7 Block Justify This command performs all the actions of the Block Fill command, then adds additional spaces between words so that the last character on each formatted line is flush with the right margin. This gives formatted text a more formal appearance. 3.3.8 Block Print Print the text between the marker and the cursor. The text is sent to the primary MS-DOS printer (otherwise identified as the PRN or LPT1 device). The text is sent exactly as it appears in the file buffer, except that tab characters are expanded into the appropriate number of ASCII spaces. (E.Y.G.) - 18 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 3.3.9 Block Write Write the text between the marker and the cursor to a disk file. Invoking this command causes the editor to prompt for a filename. If the file you specify already exists, its contents are over- written with the text from the indicated region of the file buff- er. If the file does not exit it is created in the current directory. The text in the file buffer is not changed. 3.3.10 Convert Lowercase->uppercase Convert all alpha characters between the marker and cursor to up- percase. 3.3.11 Convert Spaces->tabs Convert ASCII space characters to tabs in the text between the marker and the cursor. The appearance of the file buffer in the display window remains unchanged, but the file buffer size can decrease significantly. The conversion is done as follows: 1. If two or more consecutive spaces directly preceed a tab stop column, those spaces are replaced by a single tab character. 2. If one or more consecutive spaces do not directly preceed a tab stop column, but are followed by a tab character, those spaces are deleted. 3. Spaces within literal strings are not converted. All spaces following a single or double quote character on a line remain unchanged. 3.3.12 Convert Tabs->spaces Convert tab characters to the equivalent number of ASCII spaces in the text between the marker and the cursor. The appearance of the file buffer in the display window remains unchanged, but its size can increase significantly. This command can be used to "freeze" the format of a file buffer containing tab characters, making the spacings in the buffer independent of changes in tab stop definitions, or of different interpretation by other programs. (E.Y.G.) - 19 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 3.3.13 Convert Uppercase->lowercase Convert all alpha characters in the text between the marker and the cursor to lowercase. 3.3.14 Define Case Make the Replace and Search commands sensitive to the case of the target string. When this command is in effect, the case of alpha characters in the search string must agree with the case of the the characters in the file buffer for a match to occur. The status line displays a highlighted "CA" when this command is ac- tive. 3.3.15 Define Ignore Ignore the case of alpha characters during the execution of Replace and Search commands. This is the default operation of the editor. When this command is in effect, the case of alpha characters in the search string can be different from the case of characters in the file workspace, and a match can still exist. 3.3.16 Define Marker Define the marker to point to the character at the cursor loca- tion. The marker is not a character itself, but a pointer to a location in the file buffer. It is not visible, and cannot be displayed. It is used to mark the beginning of a region of text to be operated on by another command, or to mark a location in the file buffer that can be easily returned to using the Jump Marker command. When a file is read into the file buffer, the marker is initialized to point to the first character in the buffer. 3.3.17 Define No-tabs Define the operation of the TAB key such that ASCII space charac- ters, instead of a tab character, are inserted into the file buffer when this key is pressed. The status line displays a highlighted "SP" when this command is in effect. (E.Y.G.) - 20 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 3.3.18 Define Paragraph Define the margins used for paragraph formatting and wordwrap operation. This command allows you to enter new values used for the left margin, the right margin, and the margin used for the first line of each new paragraph (paragraph indent). When in- voked, the current values are displayed, and one, two or three new values can be entered. Since it is quite common for paragraphs to be formatted with the paragraph indent equal to the left margin, the following rules apply: - If a single new value is entered, it is used for both the left margin and the paragraph indent, and the right margin remains unchanged. - If two values are entered, the first value is used for both the left margin and the paragraph indent, and the second is used for the new right margin. - If three values are entered, all three margins are changed independently. 3.3.19 Define Tabs Fixed Define a fixed interval for tab stops. When this command is in- voked, the previous tab interval is displayed. If the RETURN key is pressed immediately, the tab interval will remain unchanged. To change the fixed tab interval, enter a number between 2 and 100, then press RETURN. The default tab interval is 8 (tab stops every 8 columns, beginning in column 9). 3.3.20 Define Tabs Variable Define tab stops at individual columns. When this command is in- voked, you are prompted to enter a list of column numbers. Enter the tab stops as a list of numbers in the range from 1 to 255, separated by commas or spaces, then press RETURN. The column numbers may be entered in any numeric order. Note that lines within the editor can be as long as 1000 characters, but in- dividual tab stops can only be defined for the first 255 columns. Example: Enter tab columns: 13,35,75 The example shows tab stops defined for three columns. If the tab key is pressed and the cursor is past column 74 on a line, the cursor will move to column 13 on the next line. In the INSERT mode, this would insert CRLF and either a tab or 12 spaces into the file workspace. (E.Y.G.) - 21 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 3.3.21 Define Use-tabs Define the operation of the TAB key so that ASCII tab characters, instead of the equivalent number of spaces, are inserted in the file buffer when the key is pressed. This is the default opera- tion of the editor. 3.3.22 Define Wordwrap Disable This command disables the wordwrap typing mode. This is the default operation of the editor. 3.3.23 Define Wordwrap Enable This command enables the wordwrap typing mode. This mode allows text to be entered without concern for ending lines with the RETURN key. After every character other than space or tab is entered, the column number of the cursor is compared to the right margin. If the new character caused a word to extend beyond the right margin, a CRLF is inserted after the previous word, and the current word is moved to the next line and indented to the left margin. If the RETURN key is pressed with wordwrap enabled, the cursor moves to the left margin column on the following line. A highlighted "WR" is displayed on the status line whenever wordwrap is enabled. 3.3.24 File Command Temporarily exit to MS-DOS from within the editor. This command allows you to invoke MS-DOS commands and run programs without quitting the editor. When this command is invoked, the operation of the editor is temporarily suspended, and the shell program specified by the "COMSPEC=" parameter in the environment is ex- ecuted. On most systems this program is COMMAND.COM, the MS-DOS command parser. To return to the editor, give the MS-DOS EXIT command. All editor parameters, including the contents of all buffers, the screen display, and cursor position, will be exactly as they were before File Command was invoked. In addition, the current disk and current directory are restored to their previous values. File Command will not execute if there is insufficient memory to execute the shell, if there is no "COMSPEC=" parameter in the (E.Y.G.) - 22 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 environment, or if the shell program cannot be found in the specified drive and directory. 3.3.25 File Edit Abandon the current contents of the active file buffer and begin editing another file in the same buffer. You are prompted to enter a disk filename. If the file that you specify is found, it is read into the file buffer. If the file is not found on the disk, a new file is created, and an empty file buffer is dis- played. 3.3.26 File Merge Merge the contents of a disk file into the file buffer at the cursor location. You are prompted for the name of the source file. The source file is not altered. 3.3.27 File Other Create a second file buffer if only one is in use, or switch to the other file buffer if two buffers are in use. If only one file buffer is in use, you are prompted for the name of another disk file. If the file that you specify is found, it is read into a newly created file buffer. If the file is not found on the disk, a new file is created, and an empty file buffer is dis- played. When two file buffers are in use, each buffer has its own inde- pendent definitions of marker, tabs, case/ignore, margins, and wordwrap enable/disable. The block buffer and the deleted line buffer are common to both file buffers, allowing text to be moved or copied between them. 3.3.28 File Profile Save the state of tabs and other "Defined" parameters in a con- figuration file. To use this command, a parameter must already be SET in the MS-DOS environment, naming the directory where con- figuration files will be read and written. The environment parameter should have the form EDCONFIG=<dir> (E.Y.G.) - 23 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 where <dir> is a disk directory name. When written, the configuration file will have the format <dir>\EDCONFIG.<ext> <ext> is the file extension of the filename associated with the currently active file buffer. Configuration files are discussed in a previous section of this manual. 3.3.29 File Quit Abandon the contents of the current file buffer without saving. If a single file buffer is in use, this command causes an exit to MS-DOS. If two file buffers are in use, the current file buffer is abandoned and the other file buffer is made active and dis- played. If any changes were made to the current buffer, you are asked to confirm that you wish to quit. 3.3.30 File Save+exit Save the contents of the file buffer, then exit the buffer. If a single file buffer is in use, this command causes an exit to MS-DOS after the file is written to the disk. If two file buff- ers are in use, the current file buffer is exited after the file is written, and the other file buffer is displayed. A backup of the original file is saved under a filename with the same prefix as the original and with the extension ".BAK". 3.3.31 File Update Write the file buffer to the disk and continue editing in the current buffer. As with File Save+exit, a backup file is kept, and a configuration file may be created if certain conditions are met. 3.3.32 File Write Write the current file buffer to a disk filename entered by the user. You are prompted for a filename. A backup file is not created by this command. (E.Y.G.) - 24 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 3.3.33 Jump Beginning Position the cursor at the first character in the file buffer. This command is identical to pressing the HOME key. 3.3.34 Jump End Position the cursor at the last character in the file buffer. This command is identical to pressing the SHIFT-HOME (END) key. 3.3.35 Jump Line Position the cursor at the beginning of a specific line. Line numbers are computed by counting CRLFs starting with the first line of the file buffer. The current line number is displayed on the status line. 3.3.36 Jump Marker Position the cursor at the character pointed to by the marker. 3.3.37 Replace Search for a target string of characters and conditionally re- place it with a replacement string of characters. The case of alpha characters in the target string is ignored during the search unless the Define Case command has been given. After you have entered both strings, the cursor is moved to the first matching occurrence of the target string, and you can select from the following command line options: All. Replace all occurrences from the cursor to the end of the file buffer, then return to the edit mode. Continue. Replace the occurrence shown at the cursor, and con- tinue searching. Once. Replace the occurrence shown at the cursor, then return to the edit mode. Skip. Don't replace the occurrence shown at the cursor, but continue searching for the next. Quit. Return to the edit mode. (E.Y.G.) - 25 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 3.3.38 Search Search for a target character string. The case of alpha charac- ters in the target string is ignored during the search unless the Define Case command has been given. After the target string is entered, you have the following command options: Forward. Search forward toward the end of the file buffer for the target string. Backward. Search backward toward the beginning of the file buffer for the target string. Quit. Quit searching and return to the edit mode. 3.3.39 Undelete Insert at the cursor position the last line deleted by either the DELETE LINE or CLEAR LINE key. 3.3.40 Window 1-window Set the screen display to single window mode. If the screen is not in 2-windows mode, the command is ignored. 3.3.41 Window 2-windows Divide the screen display into two windows separated by a line of hyphens. If the screen is already in the 2-window mode, the com- mand is ignored. If two file buffers are in use, each buffer is displayed in one of the windows. If one file buffer is in use, each window displays a portion of that buffer. The window con- taining the cursor is the active window. The command, message, and status lines display information about the currently active window. 3.3.42 Window Other-window Make the other window active in 2-windows mode. If the screen display is in 1-window mode, the command is ignored. The cursor is moved to its previous position in the other window. The com- mand, message, and status lines display information about the currently active window. (E.Y.G.) - 26 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 3.4 MS-DOS Command Line Switches MS-DOS provides a means of passing the parameters that were given on the command line to the program when it is invoked. The for- ward slash (/) is defined as the switch character. Application programs such as the editor interpret the characters following the switch character as an optional command. The editor recog- nizes two switches that alter the size of its memory pool. Another switch allows "document" files created by some word processors to be edited. 3.4.1 /a Use all available memory for the memory pool. The editor normal- ly uses 14K bytes less than the maximum available memory to avoid overwriting COMMAND.COM. Examples: A>ed /a A>ed sample.pas /a 3.4.2 /d Clear the most significant bit (bit 7) of each character read from a file during the edit session. This converts "document" files created by some word processors into standard ASCII text. 3.4.3 /m<blocks> Use <blocks> number of 1000-byte memory blocks for the memory pool. This switch is useful if you want to reserve a part of memory that you don't want overwritten by the editor. If you specify a number less than 20, 20 blocks are used. If you specify a larger number of blocks than are available, all the available memory is used. Examples: A>ed /m30 (Use 30,000 bytes) A>ed sample.pas /m355 (Use 355,000 bytes) 3.5 Environment Parameters The editor looks for a substring in the MS-DOS environment of the form "EDCONFIG=<dir>". If such a substring is found, the editor is enabled to read and write configuration files, which will be kept in the named directory. Configuration files are described in an earlier section of this manual. (E.Y.G.) - 27 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 When File Command is invoked, the environment is searched for a substring of the form "COMSPEC=<filespec>". Refer to the description of this command elsewhere in this section. 4. EDITING TECHNIQUES This section gives helpful examples of the use of some editor commands. Readers that are familiar with the use of text editors can skip this section. 4.1 Defining a Block Many commands operate on a group of characters defined as a block. A block can be part of a line, a few lines, or the entire file. A block is defined by the following steps: 1. Move the cursor to the first character in the block. 2. Execute the command Define Marker. 3. Now move the cursor to the first character past the end of the block. If you want the block to include a CRLF move the cursor to the first character of the line following the block. The block is now defined by the marker and cursor positions. 4.2 Moving a Block To move a block of text from one part of a file to another, delete the block using the Block Delete command. This deletes the block from its original position and moves it into the block buffer. Now move the cursor to the new location for the block and use the command Block Insert. 4.3 Making Multiple Copies of a Block If you have a section of text that you want to reproduce at several places, use the Block Copy command to copy the the block into the block buffer, then move the cursor to each location that the block is to be reproduced and execute the Block Insert com- mand. (E.Y.G.) - 28 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 4.4 Moving or Copying a Line A single line can be moved using the block commands, but another method requires fewer keystrokes. Place the cursor anywhere on the line to be moved and delete the line using the DELETE LINE key. Then move the cursor to the line's new destination, and ex- ecute the Undelete command. The entire line is moved, including the CRLF terminator. To copy a line, first delete the line, then immediately re-insert it with the Undelete command, then move the cursor anywhere copies are needed and Undelete it again. 4.5 Moving or Copying Blocks Between Files There are two techniques of transferring blocks between disk files. The choice of techniques depends on the available memory and the size of the source and destination files. Method 1: Source and destination files are small enough to both reside in the editor's two file buffers at the same time. 1. Read each file into a file buffer. Use the File Edit command to read the first file, and File Other to read the second. 2. Copy or Delete the block from the source file into the block buffer as described earlier. 3. Move the cursor to the destination file using the File Other command and use the Block Insert command. Method 2: The available memory pool is only large enough to hold each file separately. 1. Read the source file into the editor and Copy or Delete the block into the block buffer. 2. Use the File Edit command to overwrite the source file buffer with the destination file. Position the cursor in the destination file buffer and give the Block Insert command. 4.6 Positioning the Cursor Quickly in Large Files When editing large programs, it is often necessary to move be- tween widely scattered locations within the file buffer. The ability to make these movements rapidly can save a lot of time (E.Y.G.) - 29 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 and frustration. You can use any of the following techniques. - Use the Windows 2-windows command to split the screen into two different views on a file buffer. This powerful com- mand allows you to view any part of a file buffer while you edit another. - Define the marker at a position that you will return to often. The Jump Marker command will move you to that posi- tion quickly. - Note the line number of a position that you go to frequent- ly, and use the Jump Line command to return there. The current line number is always shown on the status line. - If you need to be near the beginning or end of the buffer, use the HOME or SHIFT-HOME (END) keys. - The paging keys, PREV (PgUp) and NEXT (PgDn), move the dis- play window through the file very quickly. As with most keys, they repeat automatically when held down. You won't be able to read the text as it flies by, but you can monitor the line numbers displayed on the status line. - If you know a unique character string in the text near your destination, such as a variable name or function name, use the Search command to move there quickly. 4.7 Replace Applications Replace is a useful command with many applications. Some common uses are renaming a variable or function name, or renumbering a BASIC program after moving a block of code. The following ex- amples illustrate some capabilities of this command which might not be immediately apparent. 4.7.1 Global Delete The Replace command can be used to delete some or all occurrences of a string. To do this, you must make the replacement string be the null string (no characters). The first time you execute this command, the default replacement string is null and you can simp- ly press RETURN when you are prompted with "Replace with what?". However, once you have defined a replacement string, pressing RETURN will enter the last replacement used. In this case, press the BACKSPACE key first, then the RETURN key to enter a null string. You will then be able to selectively delete each occur- rence of the search target. (E.Y.G.) - 30 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 4.7.2 Anchoring a Search Pattern to the Beginning or End of a Line You can include the end-of-line terminators CRLF as part of your search target by entering a CONTROL-M followed by a CONTROL-J into the search string. This allows you to restrict the scope of a search or replace operation to matching strings which occur at the beginning or the end of a line. 4.8 Flexibility With Tabs The TAB key allows you to format, indent, and comment your programs in a consistent, readable style using a minimum of keystrokes. You have the choice of defining tab stops at fixed intervals or at specific column numbers. Fixed intervals are useful for indenting most structured programming languages. The editor defaults to tab stops every 8 columns. In addition to defining tab stops, you also have the choice with the operation of the TAB key between inserting tab characters or inserting the number of spaces required to move the cursor to the next tab stop. Using spaces rather than tab characters has the advantage that the format of the file is fixed and independent of tab definitions. The editor defaults to using tab characters in files, resulting in smaller file sizes. To change the operation of this key, use the Define No-tabs command. You may find it necessary to convert a section of code that con- tains tab characters, and replace the tabs with the correct num- ber of spaces. This eliminates any problems that the tab charac- ters might cause when using the file with another program, such as a print utility. The conversion can be done by defining the section of code (or the entire file) as a block using the marker and cursor, and executing the Convert Tabs->spaces command. At times it is helpful to be able to convert spaces to tab characters. This has other benefits besides making files smaller. You can, for example, take a file that was indented for printing on a 132 column page, define tab stops at the original indent columns, and convert groups of spaces in the file to tab characters. By re-defining the tab stops at smaller intervals, you may be able to compress the spacing of the file so that it can be printed on an 80 column page. 4.9 Dealing With Limitations of Computer Memory The editor can only edit files that fit entirely within its file workspace. On a typical MS-DOS computer system with 256K memory, files as large as 155,000 bytes can be edited. If your computer (E.Y.G.) - 31 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 has additional memory you can edit files as large as 580,000 bytes (545,000 on an HP150). The status line displays the number of free bytes available to the editor. When this number approaches zero, you are prevented from inserting additional characters into the buffer. If you try to insert characters into a full buffer, you will receive the following message: **** Insufficient free memory for last command. **** You will be permitted to continue editing and to save the file, but to continue adding characters to the file buffer you must in- crease its size. The following suggestions may help: - Use the /A switch when you start the editor. This gives an additional 19K bytes to the buffer space. - Don't use two file buffers when editing large files. - Use tab characters in the file buffer where possible. - If you have moved any text into the block buffer, you can release that memory to the file buffer by defining a block of a single character and using the Block Copy command. - Break the file up into two smaller files. If the file fits in the editor's file buffer, use the Block Write command for this purpose. If the file is too large to read into the buffer, use DEBUG's Name and Write commands to split the file. 4.10 Dealing With Limitations of Disk Space The normal procedure for exiting the editor is to use the File Save+exit command. This keeps a backup of the original file along with the current changes on the same disk. There must therefore be enough space on the disk for two copies of the file. If this becomes a problem, use one of the following alternatives: - Use the File Write command to save the file. This command does not create an automatic backup file. - Insert a formatted blank disk to save the changes to the file. You can change disks any time during the edit ses- sion except at those times when the disk is being accessed. - Use File Command to temporarily exit to MS-DOS, and delete or move files from the disk to create additional space. (E.Y.G.) - 32 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 5. MESSAGES This section explains the meanings of messages generated by the editor. Can't delete old .BAK file. Before writing the file buffer to disk, the editor at- tempted to delete the old backup file and could not. This can occur if the file has the readonly attribute. Define block begin/end with marker and cursor. You gave a block command, but the cursor is either at the marked character or closer to the beginning of the file buffer. The block commands use the marker position as the beginning of the block and the cursor as the end of the block. Drive not ready. The disk cannot be accessed. Some possible reasons are: - The disk may be write protected. - The line power to the disk may be off. - You may have specified a non-existent drive. Check the drive letter specification in the filename. - The disk drive door may be open. Try to correct the problem and retry the command. *** ED requires 80X25 video display mode *** The equipment switches in an IBM compatible PC are not set for an 80 column display. The editor cannot be run using a 40 column display. Edit what file? You are being asked for the name of either an existing disk file to be edited, or a new filename that will be created. Filenames can include drive and path specifiers. Refer to your MS-DOS User's Guide for a complete description of filenames. (E.Y.G.) - 33 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 Editing file <file> The editor is in the edit mode. <file> is the name of the file that is displayed in the active file buffer. Editing new un-named file You are editing a new file that is not yet named. You can name the file when you save the file buffer. Enter new left margin column, and optionally, right margin and paragraph indent. The number(s) that you entered as new paragraph margins were either out of range, or mistyped. If more than one number is entered, use spaces or commas as separators. Margins can range from columns 1 to 999. It is an error to specify a right margin as smaller than the left margin. Enter tab stops as a list of numbers between 1 and 255 separated by commas. In defining tab stop columns, you entered a number that is outside of the range from 1 to 255. Individual stops can only be defined within these limits. Enter the stops again, or press ESCAPE to abort the command. Error creating file. During the execution of either a Block Write or a File Write command, the editor attempted to create the named file and could not, possibly because: - The disk is write protected. - The filename is not valid. - There is no space left on the disk. Error reading file. While reading a disk file into the editor's file buffer, a disk error was reported by the operating system. This is most likely due to a problem with the disk media or the computer's disk drive hardware. (E.Y.G.) - 34 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 Error reading the configuration file. The editor configuration file being read is not the correct length, or has an incorrect "signature". This file has the filename prefix "EDCONFIG", and the same filename extension as the file being read into the editor's file buffer. The configuration file should be written again with the File Profile command. Error re-setting the default directory. When File Command is invoked, the editor saves the default disk drive and default directory so that it can be restored when the shell program is exited. This message usually in- dicates that the disk was removed from the default drive. Error shelling to command processor. The editor attempted to run the MS-DOS shell program and could not. Either the file could not be found in the drive and directory specified by the environment parameter, or there was insufficient memory to run the program. Check that the shell program (usually COMMAND.COM) is on the cor- rect disk. Error writing to file. An error was reported by the operating system while data was being written to a disk file. Since the file was suc- cessfully opened before writing began, this problem is probably due to a damaged or full disk. Retry the command using a different disk or drive. File extension too long. You have entered a filename with an extension that does not conform to the MS-DOS filename conventions. Filename ex- tensions may have a maximum length of three characters. Filename is too long. You have entered a filename having a total length which ex- ceeds the editor's internal capacity. The maximum total length of a file specification, including drive and direc- tory pathnames, is 70 characters. (E.Y.G.) - 35 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 Filename prefix is too long. You have entered a filename with an prefix that does not conform to the MS-DOS filename conventions. Filename prefixes may have a maximum length of eight characters. **** Insufficient free memory for last command. **** You have given a command that requires more memory than is currently available in the file buffer. Refer to the sec- tion titled "Dealing with Limitations of Computer Memory". ***Insufficient memory for ED*** There is not enough memory available to run the editor. Refer to the section titled "Dealing with Limitations of Computer Memory". Marked text exceeds block buffer size by <n> characters. You attempted to Append, Copy or Delete a block that is too large for the available memory. You will be able to use the command if you make the block smaller by <n> charac- ters. No COMSPEC in environment string. You have given the File Command command and there is not a parameter in the MS-DOS environment of the form "COMSPEC=<filespec>". Use the MS-DOS SET command to enter the name of the shell program into the environment. Out of disk space. In writing a file to a disk, the disk became full. You can insert a new disk and give the command again. Refer to the section titled "Dealing with Limitations of Disk Space". Printer not ready. You have tried to print a block and the printer does not respond. Check for the following conditions: - Is the printer ON LINE? - Is it out of paper? (E.Y.G.) - 36 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 - Is it plugged into an AC outlet and turned ON? - Is the printer cable connected? - Is your printer configured as the PRN or LPT1 device? Either correct the condition and retry the command, or use the ESCAPE key to backup out of the command menus. READING .... A file is being read from the disk. As each 2048-byte block is read, an additional dot is displayed. Renaming original file to .BAK The editor is creating a backup file by renaming the original disk file to a filename with a .BAK extension. SHIFT = <n> While the Adjust command is in use, the current shift count is displayed on the message line. This is the number of columns that each line the cursor is moved to will be shifted. Target string not found. No match of the target string was found during a Search or Replace operation. Select Quit to return to the edit mode, or press ESCAPE to backup in the command tree and specify another search target. The fixed tab interval must be between 2 and 100. You have specified an invalid tab interval. Enter your choice again, or only press RETURN to keep the previous value active. Unable to open file. The file that you specified for a Merge operation could not be opened. Check to see if you have typed the filename correctly, that you have specified the correct drive and path if the file is not in the current directory, or that you have the correct disk in the drive. (E.Y.G.) - 37 - (printed 4-18-86) ED.EXE Program Text Editor User's Manual Version 1.05 Unable to open or create file. The file that you specified to be edited could not be found. The editor attempted to create a file with that name and could not, probably because the filename is not a legal DOS filename or is prefixed with a non-existent path- name. WAIT ..... The editor is performing an operation that may take several seconds to complete. Writing block to file <file> The editor has successfully opened <file> and is writing the marked text to it. (E.Y.G.) - 38 - (printed 4-18-86) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. GENERAL INFORMATION.........................................1 1.1 Program Versions and Requirements.........................2 2. EDITOR OPERATION...........................................2 2.1 Running the Editor........................................2 2.2 Crossing Directories......................................3 2.3 Exiting the editor........................................3 2.4 Use of Computer Memory....................................3 2.5 File Buffers..............................................4 2.5.1 The Block Buffer.......................................4 2.5.2 The Deleted Line Buffer................................4 2.6 Edit Modes................................................5 2.7 Command Mode..............................................5 2.8 The Display Screen........................................6 2.8.1 The Command Line.......................................6 2.8.2 The Message Line.......................................6 2.8.3 The Status Line........................................6 2.8.4 The File Windows.......................................7 2.9 Moving the Cursor.........................................7 2.10 The Marker...............................................8 2.11 Saving the File Buffer...................................9 2.12 Editor Configuration Files...............................9 2.12.1 Enabling Configuration Files.........................10 2.12.2 Writing a Configuration File.........................10 2.12.3 Disabling Configuration Files........................11 3. GENERAL REFERENCE..........................................11 3.1 Special Editing Keys.....................................11 3.1.1 ESCAPE (or F8)........................................11 3.1.2 CLEAR LINE (SHIFT-END)................................11 3.1.3 DELETE LINE (SHIFT-DEL)...............................12 3.1.4 DELETE CHAR (DEL).....................................12 3.1.5 INSERT CHAR (INS).....................................12 3.1.6 INSERT LINE (SHIFT-INS)...............................12 3.1.7 HOME..................................................12 3.1.8 SHIFT-HOME (END)......................................12 3.1.9 UP....................................................12 3.1.10 DOWN.................................................13 3.1.11 LEFT.................................................13 3.1.12 RIGHT................................................13 3.1.13 SHIFT-UP.............................................13 3.1.14 SHIFT-DOWN...........................................13 3.1.15 SHIFT-LEFT...........................................13 3.1.16 SHIFT-RIGHT..........................................13 3.1.17 CTRL-LEFT............................................13 3.1.18 CTRL-RIGHT...........................................14 3.1.19 PREV (PgUp)..........................................14 3.1.20 NEXT (PgDn)..........................................14 3.1.21 CAPS (CAPS LOCK).....................................14 3.1.22 RETURN...............................................14 - i - 3.1.23 BACKSPACE............................................14 3.1.24 TAB..................................................14 3.2 Control Characters.......................................15 3.2.1 Substitute (CTRL-Z)...................................15 3.2.2 Carriage Return (CTRL-M)..............................15 3.2.3 Line Feed (CTRL-J)....................................16 3.2.4 Escape (CTRL-[).......................................16 3.2.5 Backspace (CTRL-H)....................................16 3.2.6 Tab (CTRL-I)..........................................16 3.3 Commands.................................................17 3.3.1 Adjust................................................17 3.3.2 Block Append..........................................17 3.3.3 Block Copy............................................17 3.3.4 Block Delete..........................................18 3.3.5 Block Fill............................................18 3.3.6 Block Insert..........................................18 3.3.7 Block Justify.........................................18 3.3.8 Block Print...........................................18 3.3.9 Block Write...........................................19 3.3.10 Convert Lowercase->uppercase.........................19 3.3.11 Convert Spaces->tabs.................................19 3.3.12 Convert Tabs->spaces.................................19 3.3.13 Convert Uppercase->lowercase.........................20 3.3.14 Define Case..........................................20 3.3.15 Define Ignore........................................20 3.3.16 Define Marker........................................20 3.3.17 Define No-tabs.......................................20 3.3.18 Define Paragraph.....................................21 3.3.19 Define Tabs Fixed....................................21 3.3.20 Define Tabs Variable.................................21 3.3.21 Define Use-tabs......................................22 3.3.22 Define Wordwrap Disable..............................22 3.3.23 Define Wordwrap Enable...............................22 3.3.24 File Command.........................................22 3.3.25 File Edit............................................23 3.3.26 File Merge...........................................23 3.3.27 File Other...........................................23 3.3.28 File Profile.........................................23 3.3.29 File Quit............................................24 3.3.30 File Save+exit.......................................24 3.3.31 File Update..........................................24 3.3.32 File Write...........................................24 3.3.33 Jump Beginning.......................................25 3.3.34 Jump End.............................................25 3.3.35 Jump Line............................................25 3.3.36 Jump Marker..........................................25 3.3.37 Replace..............................................25 3.3.38 Search...............................................26 3.3.39 Undelete.............................................26 3.3.40 Window 1-window......................................26 3.3.41 Window 2-windows.....................................26 3.3.42 Window Other-window..................................26 3.4 MS-DOS Command Line Switches.............................27 - ii - 3.4.1 /a....................................................27 3.4.2 /d....................................................27 3.4.3 /m<blocks>............................................27 3.5 Environment Parameters...................................27 4. EDITING TECHNIQUES.........................................28 4.1 Defining a Block.........................................28 4.2 Moving a Block...........................................28 4.3 Making Multiple Copies of a Block........................28 4.4 Moving or Copying a Line.................................29 4.5 Moving or Copying Blocks Between Files...................29 4.6 Positioning the Cursor Quickly in Large Files............29 4.7 Replace Applications.....................................30 4.7.1 Global Delete.........................................30 4.7.2 Anchoring a Search Pattern to the Beginning or End of a Line 31 4.8 Flexibility With Tabs....................................31 4.9 Dealing With Limitations of Computer Memory..............31 4.10 Dealing With Limitations of Disk Space..................32 5. MESSAGES...................................................33 - iii -